What Is a Cover Letter? (And What to Include in One)

Your cover letter is your chance to show an employer why you’re the right fit for the job. This guide explains what a cover letter is and the key elements you need to include to make yours successful.

Definition of a cover letter

A cover letter is a one-page document included in your job application (along with your resume). When written well, your cover letter provides employers with important context that isn’t covered in your resume.

Unlike a resume, which lists your qualifications in bullet-point form, a cover letter allows you to personalize your application. It gives you space to explain how your background aligns with the job and show your enthusiasm for the opportunity.

Why are cover letters necessary?

Cover letters are necessary because they provide an opportunity for employers to learn additional information about your qualifications, character, and why you’re interested in working for them.

While many people think of cover letters as a nuisance, they’re actually an essential part of your job application. A recent study found that 94% of hiring managers consider cover letters important, and many of them actually read your cover letter before your resume.

What to include in a cover letter for a job

Here’s what to include in a cover letter for a job:

• Contact information: List your name and contact details in your cover letter’s header.
• Salutation: Greet the hiring manager ideally with their preferred title (Mr. / Mrs. / Ms. / Dr. / etc.) and their name. Can’t find their name? “Dear Hiring Manager” is also fine.
• Opening paragraph: Open with a strong hook that shows your enthusiasm for the role and immediately connects your skills to the company’s needs.
• Body paragraph(s): Demonstrate your value by showcasing key accomplishments (using metrics when possible) and showing how your experience aligns with the job description.
• Closing paragraph: Wrap up your letter by restating your excitement for the position, expressing appreciation for the reader’s time, and inviting further discussion in an interview.
• Sign-off: End your cover letter with a sign-off like “Sincerely,” and then type or sign your name on the following line.

Example cover letter for a job application

Your resume lists your qualifications, but your cover letter should bring them to life. This cover letter example demonstrates how to personalize your letter and tailor it to the job you’re applying for:

Cover letter template

Need help getting started? Use this cover letter template as a guide to structure your own cover letter.

Cover letter dos and don’ts

Here are some quick tips to help you write an effective cover letter:

Do: Match your cover letter to the job description

A one-size-fits-all cover letter won’t get you noticed. Tailoring your application to the specific job shows that you took the time to understand what the company needs and how you can help.

Use key terms from the job posting and emphasize experiences that align with the role’s requirements. By showcasing relevant achievements, you demonstrate that you’re not just qualified — you’re the perfect fit for the job.

Some job descriptions ask for work samples or a portfolio, so be sure to write a portfolio cover letter should this be requested in the job posting.

Even if you’re applying for your first job, you can still write a convincing cover letter. Focus on your academic achievements and transferable skills you’ve gained through volunteer work or extracurriculars.

Do: Express genuine interest

Explain why you’re excited about the opportunity. Mention what draws you to the company, whether it’s their mission, culture, or a recent project of theirs. Expressing authentic enthusiasm helps differentiate you from other candidates.

Do: Be concise

A great cover letter is clear and to the point. Keep it to one page and focus on the most relevant details. Hiring managers often skim applications, so avoid long paragraphs and unnecessary repetition. Every sentence should add value and keep the reader engaged.

Do: Mention referrals

If someone referred you to the position, include their name in the opening paragraph of your cover letter. A referral from a trusted employee or mutual connection can significantly boost your chances of getting noticed.

Don’t: Repeat information from your resume

Your cover letter should complement your resume, not duplicate it. Use it to add context, explain career transitions, or highlight a particularly relevant experience in more detail.

Don’t: Use the same cover letter for every application

You shouldn’t use the same cover letter for multiple applications. While using a general cover letter may save time, it will also reduce your chances of getting hired. A customized letter that reflects the company’s values and specific job requirements will always be more effective than a generic one.

Don’t: Focus only on yourself

While it’s important to highlight your experience and skills, one of the biggest mistakes job seekers make is focusing entirely on what they want (more responsibility, a better salary, career growth, etc.) without showing how they can add value to the company.

Instead, shift the focus to the employer’s needs. Show that you understand the company’s goals or challenges and explain how your background can help address them. Use your achievements to illustrate the results you can deliver.

Don’t: Send without proofreading

Typos, grammatical errors, and awkward phrasing can get your application thrown out, even if you’re qualified. Before hitting “send,” take the time to read your letter out loud, run a spellcheck, and have someone else review it if possible. A fresh set of eyes can catch errors you might overlook.

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Frequently asked questions about cover letters

Still have questions about making a cover letter? Here are a few of the most frequently asked questions about cover letters:

Are cover letters always necessary?

Including a cover letter is usually a smart move, especially when applying for professional roles or positions where communication skills and attention to detail matter.

Cover letters give you an opportunity to explain why you’re a strong fit and make a personal connection with the hiring team. In competitive fields, skipping a cover letter can sometimes come across as a lack of effort or interest.

That said, not every job requires one. For roles that prioritize quick hiring or have straightforward requirements — like retail, food service, or warehouse positions — a cover letter may not be expected. In those cases, submitting a clear, well-organized resume is often enough to get noticed.

What should not be included in a cover letter?

Here’s what shouldn’t be included in a cover letter:

• Salary expectations: Your cover letter isn’t the appropriate place to discuss salary. Instead, talk about this once you’re offered the job.
• Inappropriate personal details: Information about your sexuality, race, or religion doesn’t belong on your cover letter and puts you at risk of hiring discrimination.
• Lies or exaggerations: If employers find out you aren’t being honest, they won’t want to hire you.
• Too much information: Your cover letter should be concise and only highlight your most relevant qualifications.
• Negative comments about previous employers: Even if you had a bad experience at a previous job, focusing on the negative can give the impression that you’re difficult to work with.
• Apologies for a lack of experience: Even if you don’t meet every requirement, focus on your transferable skills instead of drawing attention to what you lack.

How long should a cover letter be?

The ideal cover letter length is no more than one page, ideally between 250 to 400 words. Hiring managers often skim applications, so your letter should be focused, highlighting only your most relevant skills and experiences.